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LB 2809 
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

BUREAU OF EDUCATION 



BULLETIN, 1920. No. 46 



ORGANIZATION OF 
STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION 



By 



L. A. KALBACH 

DIRECTOR OF STATISTICS. BUREAU OF EDUCATION 
and 

A. O. NEAL 

SPECIALIST IN RURAL EDUCATION 




WASHINGTON 

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1921 



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«<1 






INTRODUCTION. 



Like Topsy our State departmentB of education liave "just growed up." Few 
of them can look back to any definite birth as State departments of education. Very 
few, if any, except those that have been recreated by recent acts of legislatures or 
constitutional amendments haxe been thoughtfully created and organized in full 
consciousness of the functions they should perform. From small and inadequate 
beginnings they have grown by accretion rather than by development from any 
central idea of functions to be performed, as the small independent schools of separate 
and individual communities have coalesced to form county and State systems. 
Probably a majority of them had their origin in a State school" officer under the title 
of superintendent of public instruction, superintendent of schools, or other similar 
title, who took over work mostly of a clerical nature previously performed by tl-.e 
State auditor or treasurer and in an ex officio board of education made up of political 
officers elected or appointed for other and very different functions. The time and 
energies of these officers were absorbed by the duties properly belonging to the offices 
to which they were appointed or elected. They very naturally considered those 
duties more important than the incidental or accidental "duties pertaining to the office 
which they held only because they had been selected to fill other offices considered of 
sufficient importance to have an existence of their own and to be filled by persons 
supposed to be able to perform intelligently and acceptably the dxities belonging 
to them. 

State school officers, taking over the duties, chiefly clerical, which had been per- 
formed by auditors or treasurers and other State officers in fragments of their time 
and probably without additional pay, were paid little. In most of the States the 
mistake was made of supposing that this office could be made a political office subject 
directly or indirectly to the \icissitudes of partisan government, as if, forsooth, the 
political parties as such ever advocated different educational policies andasif the peo- 
ple would tolerate partisan influence in their schools. As a political office, elective 
or appointive, it did not formerly, and in some States does not now, rank with other 
political offices in pay, in prestige, or as a stepping-stone to political preferment 
considered of a higher grade and more desirable. Nominating conventions have all 
too often left this office to the last and then chosen a candidate for it to placate some 
partisan or sectarian faction or to give recognition to some neglected section of the 
State. Governors, in appointing chief school officers, have frequently been guided 
by similar motives, or, worse still, have made this appointment through persona! 
fa^■oritism or in recognition of partisan obligation. 

In the meantime education has come to be the chief business of the States. For 
its support the State and local units of county, township, district, and municipality 
spend more money annuallythan for any other one thing of public concern. The 
public-school system, including elementary schools, high schools, colleges, universi- 
ties, normal schools, and other professional and technical schools, and agencies for 
extension education, has come to be our greatest cooperative enterprise, requiring 
for its management and control professional and administrative ability of the verj- 
highest character. This all thoughtful persons informed on the subject are begin- 
ning to realize, but, as is plainly shown by statistical tables in this study of the or- 
ganization of State departments ox education, the practices of the day of small things 
in education still exist in many States to an extent dangerous if not fatal to the best, 
interests of education. Chief school officers in most of 1 he States are still paid salaries 
pitifully small as compared with what are, or should be, recognized as the duties of 
their office. They are elected on partisan political tickets, or without full regard to 
their professional or administrative ability are appointed by governors so elected . 
Most State boards of education are wholly or partly made up of persons elected or 
appointed for the performance of other and quite different duties in offices supposed to 
be Avorthy of being filled by persons elected or appointed directly to them. Other 
boards are indefinitely constituted. The office of the State superintendent in almost 
all of the States is so poorly staffed that it is wholly unable to perform effectivelj' most 
of its proper functions and to gi\'e to the school system of the State the administra- 
tive and professional sendee it should have. 



4 INTEODUCTION. 

Within the last decade much improvement in these conditions has been made in 
some States, and in a very few States conditions are approaching the ideal. There 
is, I believe, no other task of statesmanship so important and so nearly common to 
all the States as this of reconstructing or remaking the State department of education 
60 that it may, wholly separate from and independent of partisan politics, be adequate 
to the full performance of its legitimate functions and free to adjust and readjust itself 
to the constantly changing requirements of education as may be necessary to meet 
the ever developing and enlarging needs and demands of the expanding, rich, and 
throbbing life of society. State, and Nation. The sooner this is done the better it 
will be for education and for all that is dependent upon it. 

As a basis for the reconstruction of the State departments of education, I submit 
the following suggestions, the soundness of which, I feel sure, Avill be proven by a care- 
ful reading of this bulletin and by any further comprehensive study of the subject. 

1. Educational administration has in principle, and should have in practice, no 
direct relation to partisan politics as we know partisan politics in this country. The 
public school system of any State is its greatest cooperative enterprise, supported by- 
all the people in proportion to their ability, regardless of the amount of their wealth, 
and regardless of any political or religious affiliations, in order that all the children 
of all the people may, regardless of their poverty and all other conditions, have as 
nearly as possible equal and full opportunity for the education that will best develop 
their individuality, and prepare them for life, for making a living, and for the duties 
and responsibilities of democratic citizenship. From the standpoint of statesmanship 
and the public welfare, all the people are interested alike in the schools. Our political 
parties do not differ in regard to educational principles or practices any more than they 
do in regard to the Ten Commandments or the moral code; and to attempt to make 
education a matter of partisan politics is good neither for education nor for politics. 
Education is the largest and most important part of what has well been called our 
"piu-posive government," through which all the people are served and united, rather 
than controlled under policies on which the people are divided into parties. Un- 
usual ability and devotion are required for the wise and effective administration of 
the system of education involving the expenditiu'e of many millions of dollars 
annually (the average for the States is now not less than twenty-five million dollars); 
the direction and professional assistance of many thousands of school officers and 
teachers (an average of from fifteen to twenty thousand to the State) ; and the promo- 
tion of fundamental policies affecting directly the lives and destinies of hundreds of 
thousands of children and youth (an average of approximately five hundred thousand 
to the State), and directly or indirectly determining the welfare of all the people and 
the destinies of State and Nation. 

2. The nature of its work and the relations of the State department of education 
are such as to make necessary much wise counsel, as well as definite adniinistrative 
action. Well-considered policies are frequently mpre important than quick action. 
Constant and conservative development is much better than a succession of special 
"drives" for particular purposes, however effective they may be temporarily, and 
more fruitful in educational results than a disconnected succession of personal adminis- 
rtations, however brilliant. 

For the effective application of these principles, State departments of education 
should be organized somewhat as follows: 

1. A State board of education, nonpartisan, nonprofessional, made up of men and 
women of affairs, selected from the State at large because of their fitness for tliis position 
rather than for their fitness for some other. They should be men and women of recog- 
nized ability, sterling character, breadth of mind, and nobility of purpose, catholic in 
thought and feeling, devoted to the public welfare, convinced of the importance of 
education, and willing and able to give time and energy to the duties of their office. 
The members of the board should represent fairly all sections of the State, rural and 
urban, and the main professions, occupations, and interests of the people. They 
should be men and women in close touch with the great interests of society and State, 
capable of representing the people worthily in planning for the results which they 
should expect from their schools and other agencies of education, and in formulating 
fundamental policies for the support, control, and development of the State system of 
education and all its more important parts. 

The State board of education should consist of seven or nine members, serving for 
seven or nine years, the term of one member expiring each year, so as to give to the 
board continuity and constant newness. No person having served more than half 
of the full term should be eligible to reappointment or reelection. No person should 
hold membership in the board except through definite appointment or election. 
There should be no ex officio members. 



INTRODUCTION. 5 

If necessary for convenience of appointment or election the term of office should be 
made such as to make the term of two members to expire every second year. Members 
of the board should be elected by the people from the State at large, or they shoidd 
be appointed by the governor and confirmed by the senate, as may seem best in any 
State; but, however chosen, no person belonging to any political party should be 
eligible for appointment or election when more than half of the members of the board 
are of that party. Members of the board should not be removable from office except for 
negligence of duty, malfeasance in office, or crime against the State, and then only by 
impeachment, or, if elected by the people at large, by impeachment or recall by a 
majority vote. This is necessary to prevent the removal of members or packing of the 
board for sinister purposes and to give the feeling of responsibility and freedom neces- 
sary for good ser\'ice. Members of the board should not be paid a salary, but should be 
paid a very liberal per diem and all necessary expenses for a reasonable number of 
days in the year for attending meetings of the board and for necessary service on com- 
mittees. Small salaries would attract men and women of small ability. Large salaries 
would tempt members to try to earn their salaries by meddling with executive details 
properly belonging to the paid employees of the board. Not to pay reasonable per 
diem and all necessary expenses would deter many men and women eminently quali- 
fied for such service from accepting membership on the board. 

Ordinarily the board should not need to have more than four or five regular meetings, 
of five or six days each, in the year, and there should be need for very few special 
meetings. 

The State board of education should have general control of all the educational inter- 
ests of the State as embodied in the public elementary and secondarj'^ schools for normal 
children, in schools for special classes of children, as the deaf, the blind, the crippled, 
subnormal and incorrigible children, and in schools for special kinds and phases of 
education. There should not be separate boards for the control of vocational and 
technical education, nor should there be any other di\dsion of control that tends to 
break th e system of education into disconnected fragments. The State board of educa- 
tion should also have general control of the schools for the professional preparation of 
teachers, normal schools, and teachers' colleges. Whether this board should also have 
a general control of the State schools of higher education, other than those whose chief 
function is to prepare teachers, is a matter which must be left for each separate State to 
decide. There is as yet no experience sufficient to enable one to judge intelligently in 
regard to this. The same is true in regar.d to the policy of having separate boards for 
each of the two, three, or four such schools in a State. It is quite clear, however, that 
any separate board or boards for such schools should be required by law to make to the 
State board of education such reports as it may request and should cooperate with the 
State board of education in such way as to harmonize and unify the work of the schools 
of higher education with the work of the other schools of the system. This is of the 
greatest importance, since for the best results all the schools of the State of whatever 
kind and gi'ade must function as one organism, the life blood flowing through it all. 

The board shoidd understand its functions to be wholly legislative — the defining of 
results to be obtained and the formation of policies in harmony with the constitution 
and laws of the State; and, when desirable, to propose new laws or modifications of 
laws already in existence. It should never concern itself mth executive details, 
and its members should remember that, like other legislatiAe bodies, when not in 
formal session, the board has no power to function as such, and its members no powers 
or responsibilities unless definitely authorized by the board as a whole to carry out 
some particular function committed to them. Legislators are only private citizens, 
possessed of no official functions when the legislative bodies to which they belong 
are not in formal session. In this sense the State board of education (and all other 
boards of education) are legislative bodies. For the executive duties of the depart- 
ment, the board of education should elect a chief executive, a commissioner of edu- 
cation, and iipon his recommendation and under proper regulations all his associates 
and assistants. Only fitness for the work to be done should be considered in the 
selection of any of these. The board should elect its own chairman from year to year. 
The commissioner of education shoidd be its secretary. 

2. A State commissioner of education elected by the State board of education 
from the country at large and only because of ])rofessional preparation and adminis- 
trative ability. Many able and efficient chief s<hool officers have come into office 
by popular election or by gubernatorial appointment. Both methods have some 
advantages, but neither can be considered as sure and reliable as appointment by a 
nonpartisan board. No other method of selection is rational if this officer is to be 
responsible to the board. The term of office should have no reference to the change 
of officers connected with the partisan government of the State. It should be indefi- 
nite or for a period of years long enough to make possible the consistent development 
of administrative policies. 



6 INTEODUGTIOlSr. 

The commissioner of education should be the executive officer of the State board 
of education, and, under its general control, should have charge of the entire public- 
school system of the State and shoidd be given such freedom of action as is necessary 
for executive efficiency. Under any right conception of the duties and responsi- 
bilities of the office of State commissioner of education, it must be regarded as tlie 
most important educational office in the State, requiring knowledge and ability^ of 
the highest order. Its requirements and compensations should be in keeping -with 
this conception. It is only reasonable that the salary of the <:oinmissioner_of educa- 
tion should be as large as or larger than that of any other officer of education in the 
State, city or county superintendent of school, or the president of any normal school, 
college or university. 

3. A competent staff of expert deputies, as3ista,nts, and clerks, appointed by the 
State board of education upon the recommendation of the conim.issioner of education. 
The size and organization of this staff -vvill, of coiu'se, vary from State to State. There 
should, however, in all States be separate and well organized divisions for all the 
more important phases of the educational work of the State, and for such adminis- 
trative tasks as the collection and preparation of statistics and the promotion of gen- 
eral educational interests. The organization of the department of education of the 
State of Alabama, which follows closely recommendations made by the United States 
Biueau oi. Education, illustrates fairly well what is needed for States of average size. 
In Pennsylvania, New York, and Massachusetts the departments of education ap- 
proach the ideal for the larger States. 

More important than the size of the staff is the character of its personnel. The 
heads. of the several di'vdsions of this staff and their principal assistants should be 
men and women of the highest and hest ability. To a very large extent the efficiency 
of the department and the character of all the educational work of the State will 
depend upon the character of these men and women. As the commissioner of educa- 
tion, they should be chosen from the country at lai^e and only for their fitness for 
the work to be done. Salaries and conditions of service should be such as to enable 
the board of education to obtain ahd hold in these positions the ser\ices of the most 
competent men and women. False economy here can not fail to have its evil effect 
throughout the entire school system, and the effect may be disastrous. Even for the 
sake of economy in the deiiartment itself, it is important that responsible heads of 
di\isions should be chosen to direct effectively the activities of the clerical assistants. 
The principles generally recognized in business, which demand efficiency in respon- 
sible positions at any reasonable cost, rather than the 2^ractice too often found in 
government offices which sacrifices efficiency to cheapness, should he observed. 
The value of the return from the expenditure of millions of dollars of public funds 
for education, of the other millions which parents and guardians expend privately 
that the children may attend school, and of all the time and energy of children, 
teachers, and local school officers, depends to a large degree upon the character and 
efficiency of the department of education. Cheap policies and bad business principles 
should not be tolerated here. 

Responsible officers in the State department of education are, or should be, the 
guides and leaders of the people in all matters pertaining to education, upon which, 
in a democracy like ours, all else waits. It is neither good nor safe that the leaders 
be weak or blind. Where there is no vision, the people perish. Where- there is 
weakness in place of strength, there can only be stagnation and death where there 
should be progress and life. 

P. P. Claxton, 

Commissioner. 



ORGANIZATION OF STATE DEPARTMENTS OF 
EDUCATION. 



Contents. — State boards of education — ^composition , appointment , size, powers, and duties, law.s relating 
to. State superintendent of public instruction— title, term of office, manner of sclcetion, powers and 
duties, laws relating lo. Staffs of State departToents of education— number of officers, compensation, 
laws relating lo. 



STATE BOARDS OF EDUCATION. 

The movement toward the establishment of the State board of 
education as the administrative head of the educational system 
continues to gain ground. At the present time there are 42 States 
having such boards with functions relating to the common schools. 
Of the other 6 States, Iowa, Nebraska, Ohio, and South Dakota 
have boards knowni as State boards of education with functions 
restricted, in Iowa to the charge of State institutions of higher 
education, including the State normal college; in Nebraska to the 
administration of State normal schools; and in Ohio and South 
Dakota to the administration of the vocational education laws. 
Only Illinois and Maine have no board known as the State board of 
education, but both have State boards for vocational education, the 
establishment or designation of such boards being necessary to en- 
able the States to participate in the funds appropriated by Congress 
for the promotion of vocational education. 

Composition of State hoards of education. — The composition of the 
boards having functions relative to the general school system in the 
several States is shown in the accompanying table (see p. lO"*. Tlie 
table shows the number of ex officio members in each board, the 
officers designated as ex officio members, number of appointive or 
elective members, by whom appointed or elected, length of term, etf. 

Of the 42 State boards of education, 8 are composed entirely of 
ex officio members who are officers of the State with offices at the 
State capitol. These are Colorado, Florida, Kentucky, Mississippi, 
Missouri, North Carolina, Oregon, and Texas. In one other State, 
Nevada, the board is composed entirely of ex officio members, the 
president of the State university being a member, in addition to 
the governor and State superintendent of pubUc instruction. Boards 
created in recent years consist entirely or almost entirely of members 
appointed by the governor. Seven boards have no ex officio mem- 
bers whatsoever. The governor is an ex officio member of the board 
in 18 States; other State political officers, aside from the State super- 

7 



8 STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION. 

intendent of public instruction or other chief State school officer, in 
13 States; the State superintendent in 30. States; the president of the 
State university in 6 States; the president of the State agricultural 
and mechanical college in 4 States; presidents of State normal schools 
in 4 States; and other educational officers in 1 State. 

Appointment of the State hoard of education. — Of the 33 States 
having appointed or elected members on the State board, 27 leave 
the appointment to the governor, subject in some cases to approval 
by the State senate; in 2 States, New York and Rhode Island, the 
members are selected by the State legislature; 1 State (Michigan) 
elects by popular vote; in 1 State (Wyoming) the State superin- 
tendent appoints members, subject to approval by the governor; 
in 1 State (Virginia) 3 members are elected by the State senate arid 
2 by the State board; and in 1 State (Wisconsin) th^ governor ap- 
points 5 members, and the university board of regents, normal school 
regents, and vocational education board each selects 1 member. 

With respect to qualifications of members, 4 States, Arizona, 
Kansas, Virginia, and Washington, require that all the appointive 
members shall be persons engaged in educational work, and 7 others, 
Georgia, Indiana, Massachusetts, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Penn- 
sylvania, and West Virginia, require that a certain specified number 
of the appointed members shall be engaged in educational work. 
California, Idaho, and New York require that none of the appointed 
members shall be engaged in educational work, while Indiana requires 
that 2 of the members shall not be engaged in such work. 

The tendency in the selection of board members seems to be to- 
ward appointment by the governor. This method, under proper 
restrictions, has a threefold merit: 

(a) It recognizes the executive head of the State as responsible to the people for 
the efficiency of every department of the public service. It tends to make the board 
responsible to the public. 

(h) It centers responsibility where it can be definitely located. When the general 
assembly elects, it is difficult to locate responsibility. 

(c) Requiring that appointments be made from an eligible list, or in some other 
way throwing proper definite limitations around the appointing power, provides 
against abuse and protects the board from undue political interference. It is doubt- 
ful if it is ever advisable to make the governor a member of the board. ^ 

Size of hoard and term of ofice. — ^^The size of boards varies from. 3 
to 13 members. Of the 9 boards composed entirely of e"x officio 
members, 6 have 3 members each, 1 has 4 members, 1 has 5 mem- 
bers, and 1 has 7 members. Of the 7 boards having no ex officio 
members, 3 have 5 members each, 2 have 7 members each, 1 has 8 
members, and 1 has 12 members. Of the 26 boards having both 
ex officio and appointive or elective members, 7 have 7 members, 5 

1 Education Bulletin, 1915, No. 5. 



STATE BOARDS OF EDL'CATION. 9 

have 8 members, 4 liave 6 members, 3 have 9 members, 2 have 10 
members, 2 have 11 members, and one has 4, one 5, and one 13 
members. Taken all together, 10 of the boards are composed of 7 
members each, and in 28 of the 42 boards the number of members 
ranges from 5 to 9, both inclusive. The tendency, therefore, is in 
favor of a comparatively small board. 

The terms of office of ex officio members who are State officers 
terminate, of course, at the expiration of the term for which they 
were elected to the State office. Such terms are usually 2 or 4 years. 
In 24 of the 33 States having appointive members, the terms are from 
4 to 6 years, inclusive; in 2 States, 2 years; 1 State, 3 years; 2 
States, 7 years; 1 State, 8 years; 2 States, 12 years; and in 1 State 
the term is indefinite. Appointments are so arranged that usually 
the members retire in small groups, assuring continuity of policy. 

Duties and powers of State hoards of education. — The duties and 
powers of State boards are given in considerable detail in the tabular 
statement on pages 11 to 22. These vary from practically nothing 
to complete control of the entire educational system of the State. 
The general tendency, however, is toward making the State board 
the responsible authority and giving it greater powers. A notable 
exception is the State of Massachusetts, where formerly the State 
board had large responsibilities and much power. Tliis was changed 
by an act of the legislature, passed in 1919, which makes the State 
board of education merely advisory to the State commissioner of 
education. Tliis was offset, however, in the same year by Alabama, 
Minnesota, and New Hampshire, which created State boards of edu- 
cation with very large powers over the general educational systems. 

In only a few States are the boards or State superintendents given 
definite authority to reciuire reports from or to exercise any super- 
vision over schools under private or corporate control. Strictly speak- 
ing there are no private schools in the United States, as all of them 
depend upon the public or some part of the public for their students 
and for their support, and their property is exempt from taxation. 
State authorities should be authorized to ascertain whether students 
attending such schools are receiving instruction to the extent at least 
of that prescribed by the compulsory education laws. Every edu- 
cational agency in the State is a part of the State's educational sys- 
tem and should be under the general administrative supervision of 
the State board of education to such extent as may be necessary to 
insure instruction in essentials equal to that given in the public 
school, but no further. 

Summary of tendencies. — In the development of a more effective 
agency for administering the State's educational affairs the trend is 
toward a State board of education as the administrative head of the 
23644°— 21 2 



10 



STATE DEPAETMEXTS OF EDUCATIOIT. 



educational system; a board composed of men wlio have some knowl- 
edge of tlie business which they are to administer; a board a,ppointed 
by the governor of the State with restrictions to guarantee fitness for 
the service and to guard against arbitrarj^ use or abuse of the ap- 
pointing power; a board composed of from five to nine members, 
appointed for a term of from four to six years, and retiring in small, 
groups — this to guarantee that degree of continuity in service and 
freedom from political interference that are necessary for effective 
service; a board made responsible for all the educational interests of 
tlie State and clothed with full power to administer the business. 

Com2yositic7i of State boards of education . 



states. 



Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Indiana 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana. : 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri.' 

Montana 

Nevada 

New Hampshire. . - 

New Jersey 

Nev/ Mexico 

New York 

North Carolina 

North Dakota 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 



Washington . . , 
West Virginia . 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 



Ex officio members. 



Appomted or elected members. 



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2 Governor appoints 5 members, university board of regents 1. normal .school regents 1. vocational educa- 
tion board 1. 

3 Governor's appointees. 

■• With approval of governor. 



STATE BOARDS OF EDFCATIOIST. 



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STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION. S3 

STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 

Data regarding the title, term, manner of selection, salary, and 
powers and duties of the State superintendent of public instruction 
or other chief State school ofhcei* are given in the tabular statement 
on pages 26 to 33. 

Title. — Eight different titles are used by the several States in 
designating the chief State school officer. Tlie most common title 
is that of "superintendent of public instruction," -which is now used 
in 30 States; next in point of numbers is '' commissioner of education," 
which is novv' used in 9 States, a gain of 5 States since 1915; the States 
using that term are Connecticut, Delaware, Massa<?husetts, Minnesota, 
New Hampshire, Nevv' Jersey. New York, Rhode Island, and Vermont. 
In Alabama and South Carolina the chief State school officer is desig- 
nated superintendent of education; in Georgia and Maryland, super- 
intendent of schools; in Maine and Missouri, superintendent of public 
schools; in Louisiana and Mississippi, superintendent of public educa- 
tion; in "W^est Yii'ginia, superintendent of fre^ schools. In a con- 
siderable number of States the title is designated in the State consti- 
tution and can not easily be changed. The trend, however, seems to 
be m favor of "' commissioner of education, " which title came into use 
in connection with State officers in very recent years and has already 
been adopted in 9 States. 

Term o/ office. — The terms of office of chief State school officers 
vary widely in the different States, ranging from 1 year to an indefi- 
nite term. In Delaware and Rhode Island, the term is on!}- 1 year; 
m 14 States, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Georgia, Idaho. Indiana, 
Kansas, Michigan, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Carolina, South 
Dakota, Tennessee, and Texas, the term is 2 years; in Maine, 3 years; 
in 24 States, Alabama, California, Florida, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, 
Louisiana, Mai'yland, Mississippi, IVIissouri, Montana, Nevada, New 
Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, 
Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming, 
4 years; in Massachusetts and New Jersey, 5 years; in Mimiesota, 6 
years; and in Connecticut, New Hampshire, New York, and Vej'mont, 
the term is indefinite, the officer serving at the pleasure of the State 
board. 

Manner oj selection. — Tiiree methods of selecting the chief State 
school officer are followed: Election by the people, in 34 States; 
appointment by the governor, in 6 States ; appointment by State board 
of education, in 8 State»s. The changes in methods by the various 
States since 1915 are as follows: Iowa, from appointment by gov- 
ernor to election by the people; Delaware, Maryland, Minnesota, and 
New Hampshire, from appointment by governor to appointment by 
State board; and Massachusetts, where the State board lias been 



24 STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION. 

made an advisory body, from appointment by State board to appoint- 
ment by governor. The following shows the present method of 
selection in the various States: 

He is elected by the people in Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Cali- 
fornia, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, loWa, 
Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, 
Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, North 
Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, 
Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming, 

He is appointed by the governor in Maine, Massachusetts, New 
Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee. 

He is appointed by the State board of education in Connecticut, 
Delawa,re, Maryland, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode 
Island, and Vermont. 

The following statement regardmg the selection of the chief State 
school ofTicer is reprinted from the buUetm of this bm^eau, 1915, No. 5: 

In nearly all of the States the office of State superintendent of public instruction 
was created as a political office; in the majority it has remained a political office; it 
is difficult to change it. There is a diversity of opinion among educational leaders 
as to how. in the interest of greater efficiency, he ought to be appointed, but the major- 
ity seem to favor his selection by a nonpartisan State board of education. Some of 
the serious disadvantages of his election by popular vote are reasonably clear: 

(a) This method of appointment limits the field from which it selects the man for 
the position; he must be a citizen of the given State. In States where the superin- 
tendent is appointed by the State board of education, and in some States where he 
is appointed by the governor, he may be selected from the country at large. The city 
board of education selects its superintendent of schools from the country at large. 
Trustees of colleges and universities, even of State universities, select executive heads 
of these institutions from the country at large. Boards of dii'ectors in control of large 
business interests select their executive officers from the country at large. Such 
freedom of selection is clearly in the interest of better ser\'ice. 

(6) Where the State superintendent is elected by popular vote the salary is fixed 
beforehand by law; the salary can not be adjusted to fit the man desired, but a man 
must be found to fit the salary. It is clearly in the interest of better service that city 
school boards, trustees of colleges and universities, and boards of business directors 
have authority to adjust the salary of executive officers to the needs and effectiveness 
of the service. 

(c) "UTiere the State superintendent is selected by popular vote the term of office is 
short, two to four years, and reappointment is uncertain. The superintendent can 
not count on winning reappointment by rendering good service. Lack of continuity 
in the service, lack of basis for making and Avorking out far-reaching plans, is a serious 
handicap to the superintendent, however capable. 

(d) This method of appointment makes the office a political one and subjects it to 
all the fluctuations of party and factional politics. Under these conditions the posi- 
tion is not attractive; no one can look to it as a career. 

These serious objections to the selection of the State superintendent by popular vote 
hold true in part at least when the appointment is left to the governor. In a few States 
the governor is authorized to select the State superintendent from within or without 
the State. In eight States, as previously mentioned, the State superintendent is 
appointed by the State board and is the executiA'e officer of the board, performing such 



STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 25 

duties as directed by it. If the State board is to be made responsible for the State's 
educational business, it would seem that it should have the selection of its own execu- 
tive officer; it should be free to select him from the country at large; it should have 
power to determine his compensation, and should keep him at his post as long as he 
is effective. 

Attejition is called to the situation in two States, Idaho and Wyo- 
ming, each of which has a commissioner of education appointed by 
the State board in addition to a superintendent of pul)lic instruction 
elected by the people. In each of these States certain functions in 
regard to educational policies and management are assigned to the 
commissioner of education. In Idaho the commissioner receives a 
salary of S6,000 per annum, and hi Wyoming he receives $3,000, the 
same amount that is paid the State superintendent. 

Powers and duties. — In practically all the States having boards of 
education, the chief vState school officer is executive officer of the 
board, whether appomted by the board or selected otherwise. As 
such executive officer he submits to the board recommendations 
regarding the administration of the school system and carries out the 
policies of the board. In States not having boards he is the sole 
executive officer of the State school system. The powers and duties 
of the supermtendent m each State are summarized in the following 
pages. 



26 



STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION. 



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84 STATE DEPAEXaiE^S-TS OF EI>UOATI£>K. 

STAFFS OF STATE DEPAETMENTS OF EDUCATION. 

Up to a comparatively recent date State departiHeiits of e-ducation 
were small organizations deyoting tkemselTes almost entirely to 
routine, clerical, and statistical work, the staff consisting usiialiv of 
the State superintendent and a -very few clerks. Considerable 
enlargement of these departments has been made in most of the States 
in recent years. This is due to cliaiiging conditions in education 
whereby the duties of the State departments have been enlarged 
greatly, the need of field workers to assist local communities and 
school officers in solving educational problems; the enactmient of the 
Federal vocational education law, compulsory education, provision 
for physical education, Americanization, teacher-placement, pen- 
sions, etc. The growth of State departments in the South may be 
attributed almost entirely to two factors: The addition of field 
v\^orkers in rm^al and secondary education thi^ough help furnished by 
the General Education Board and the addition of directors and 
supervisors of vocational education due to the enactment of the 
Smith^Hughes law. 

The number of persons necessary to perform efficiently the v/ork of 
a State department depends largely upon the size of the State, the 
nature and size of the population, and the divei^sity of its educational 
interests. For instance, the New York State Department of Educa- 
tion, which has under its jmisdiction the State museuni, the State 
library, the State library school, liigher educational institutions, and 
the care and upkeep of the large educational building, naturaly 
requires a much larger staff than do the State departments of other 
States. 

This question of the size of a State department was- discussed hj 
State Supt. C. P. Gary, of Wisconsin, in February., 1920, at the meeting 
of the Department of Superintendence of^ the National Education 
Association. He stated - that in a State the size of Wisconsin or 
Indiana a State department can reach a high degree of efficiency 
with a force of about 40 persons, including stenographers and clerks, 
but not including museum directors, attendance officers, examiners 
for teachers' licenses and the like, and that of the 40 persons about a 
dozen should be stenographers and clerks. Of the remainder there 
should be "at least one man to look after the general correspondence, 
one to look after appeal cases and questions of law, a statistician 
with enough training and experience to interpret educational sta- 
tistics, and a first assistant. This would leave approximately 25 
persons who would spend a large share of their time (at least three- 
fourths during the period schools are in session) in field work." The 

2 School and Society, M»r. 29, 1920, p. 341. 



STAFFS OF STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION. 35 

number of persons assigned to various duties would be about as 
follows : 

Supervisors of educational tests and measurements 2 

Supervisors oi rural schools 4 

Supervisor of rural teacher training 1 

Supervisors of gi-ade v'ork in cities 4 

Supervisors of high schools " 

Supervisor of manual training 1 

Supervisor of domestic science 1 

Psychologists and supervisors of exceptional classes L' 

Diiector of physical ed ucation ' 

Supervisor of education of deaf and blind 1 

Supervisors of village and gi-aded rural schools 

Supervisor of music 1 

Supervisor of drawing J 

School architect - J 

The above list comprises 26 positions, and docs not provide for ail 
the functions exercised by some of the State departments. For in- 
stance, the cocnparatively small department of South Carolina of 23 
persons, including 7 persons who are merely lent to or cooperate with 
the department, has a supervisor of mill schools, a supervisor of 
colored schools, a supervisor of adult schools and night schools, a 
school community organizer, and two members of the board of exam- 
iners, none of which is included in the 41 positions specified by Supt. 
Caiy. Neither does Supt. Caiy's list provide for the supervision of 
vocational education, which, in most of the States, has been assigned 
to the State department of education. 

It is evident, therefore, that no hard and fast rule as to the persomiel 
of vState departments can be laid down, but it is a fact that very few 
of the departments, even in the hirger States, have as many as 40 
persons on their staffs. Most of the departments are seriousl}^ under- 
manned, and it is difficult to see how the duties devolved upon them 
can be performed jDromptly and efficiently. As a rule, the clerical 
staff is not sufficiently large to perform the routine and clerical work, 
much of v.-hich, therefore, devolves upon the small supervisory staff. 
It is v.-asteful and extravagant to require a $3,000 or $5,000 specialist 
to do the work that can be done easily, and frequently better, by a 
$1,000 or $1,200 clerk. 

On pages 39 to 48 will be found a list of the positions in each of 
the State departments of education, together with the salary attached 
to each position in so far as the data were reported by the departments. 
The information is practically complete for all the States. Condi- 
tions have improved considerably in most of the States during the 
past five years, ])oth in the number of employees and in the salaries 
paid. The State department which has had the most thorough reor- 
ganization in that time is undoubtedl}* that of Pennsylvania, which 



36 STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATIOlsr. 

has been completely reorganized and greatly enlarged with more ade- 
quate salaries under the superintendency of Dr. Finegan. An exami- 
nation of the organization lists shows, however, that in most of the 
State departments the salaries are still lamentably low and very 
inadequate. 

On pages 37 and 38 is a tabular statement showing the salaries 
attaching to certain positions in the departments having such positions. 
Wherever there are several positions having the same title but dif- 
ferent salaries the highest salary is given in that table. 

With respect to the salary of the chief State school officer, it is 
found that the salaries range from $2^000 in Nebraska to $12,000 in 
Pennsylvania. Two States, New Jersey and New York, pay $10,000; 
Connecticut pays $9,000, Maryland $8,000, and two States, Illinois 
and Massachusetts, pay $7,500; in six States the salary of the State 
superintendent is less than $3,000. In all the States paying less than 
$4,000 the State superintendent is elected by vote of the people. In 
nine different State departments there are members of the staff who 
receive salaries higher than those paid the State superintendents. 

With respect to the salaries of members of the department, State 
Supt. Gary, in the address previously referred to, gave it as his 
opinion — 

that 12,500 ought at the present time to he a minimum for women and $3,000 a mini- 
mum for men. I would not undertake to place a maximum, hut it should be suffi- 
ciently high to secure men of great enthusiasm and energy, with the best modern 
training and with splendid social qualities. They should certainly be equal in every 
essential respect to the men who serve as professors of education in our best uni- 
versities,-^ 

In Pennsylvania and New York most of the principal members of 
the staffs receive between $4,000 and $5,500 per annum. 

3 School and Society, Mar. 20, 1920, p. 342. 



STAFFS OF STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION. 



37 



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STAFFS OF STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION. 



39 



Members of Staffs of State t>EPARTMEXTS of Educatio.v and Salakies PAin 

Each. 



ALABAMA. 

State superintendent of education S5, 000 

Assistant superintendent, and director of 

teacher training 4, 000 

Chief clerk ." 2, 400 

2 bookkeepers each . . 1, 80O 

Filing clerk 1, 500 

Certification and placement secretary 3, 500 

Assistant certification and placement 

secretary 2, 100 

Reading circle secretary 2, 100 

Teacher-training supervisor for Negro 

schools 1, 800 

Statistician 3,000 

2 supervisors of rural schooh; each.. 3,500 

Supervisor of construction 3, 300 

Architectural draftsman 2, 500 

Specialist in primary education 2,250 

Specialist in elementary edncalioii 2, 100 

Superv isor of secondary cdiicat ion 4, 0(X) 

Assistant supervisor of secondary educa- 
tion 3,000 

Director "of physical and health education. . 3,000 

Director of v ocational education 4, 000 

Supervisor of agriculture 3, 000 

Supervisor of trades and industry 3,000 

Supervisor of home economics 2, 400 

Secretary for exceptional education 2, 400 

10 stenographers total. . 12, 060 

Total 83,010 

ARIZONA. 

State superintendent of public instruction . . 3, 300 
Deputy superintendent of public instruc- 
tion. 2,700 

3 stenographers each. . 1, .500 

3 members board of examiners do 300 

Director of vocational education 3,600 

State supervisor of home economics 2, 20O 

State supervisor of agriculture 2, 500 

State supervisor of trades and industry 2, 700 

2 stenographers each . . 1, 20") 

Total 24,800 

ARKANSAS. 

State superintendent of public instruction . . 2, 500 
Deputy superintendent of public instaic- 

tion 1,800 

Assistant deputy superintendent of public 

instruction 1, 200 

High-school inspector ' 3, 500 

3 rural school agents ' each. . 3, 500 

2 clerks ' total . . 1, 980 

State supervisor ot agriculture ^ 4, 000 

State supervisor trades and industries 2 4,000 

State supervisor home economics - 3, 000 

Supervisor teacher-training vocationai agri- 
culture 2, 500 

Clerk 1 , 200 



CALIFORNIA. 

State superintendent of public instruction.. S5,000 
Deputy superintendent of public instruc- 
tion 3,000 

Assistant superintendent in charge of Amer- 
icanization 3, 000 

Commissioner of elementary schools 4, 000 

Commissioner of secondary schools 4,000 

Commissioner of industrial and vocational 

education 4,000 

Supervisor of trade and industrialinstnic- 

tion 3,600 

Supervisor of agricultural instruction 3, 600 

Supervisor of teacher-training courses in 

home economics 3, 60*) 

Supervisor of phj-sical education 3,600 

3 assistant supenisors of physical educa- 
tion each. . 2,400 

Secretary, commission on credentials 3,000 

.Assistant secretary, commission on creden- 
tials 1,620 

Assistant secretary. State board of educa- 
tion 2, lOT 

Assistant secretary, retirement board l, 920 

Statist ician 2, 400 

T?ookkeeper 2, 100 

Do 1,920 

Secretary to State superintendent 1, 800 

Assistant statistician 1,260 

Assistant bookkeeper 1, 440 

Attendance agent 1, 680 

2 stenographers each.. 1,500 

Do do 1 , 3S') 

Stenographer 1, 260 

Do 1,200 

Do 1,080 

9 stenographers each . . 1, 02 J 

Stenographer ; 900 

3 clerks each. . 1, 320 

Clerk 1,200 

Messenger 780 



Total S9, 7S<t 



COLORADO. 



3,000 



State superintendent of public instruction . 
Deputy State saperintendcnt of public in- 
struction 2, 100 

Rural-school supervisor 1, 800 

Statistician 1,-500 

Assista'.it lil)rariau 1, 500 

State teacher of adult lilind 1, 500 

Secretary to State teacher of adult blind. . . 1,00*) 

2 stenographers each . . 1, 200 

C lerk 1 , 200 



Total 30, ISO 

1 Receive salaries from Goncral Education Board. 



Total 10,000 

( ONNF-CTICCT. 

Commi.ssioner of education 9,000 

Cliief clerk 3, 500 

Super\ isor of secondary education 5,000 

Supervisor of elementary education 5,000 

36 supervising agents 2, 200-4, 500 

Director of trade and vocational education. 5,000 

Pirector of accounts and purchases .... 3, 00<J 

' Loaned to department by State uni\ ersity. 



40 



STATE DEPARliMElsrTS OF EDUCATION. 



CONNECTICUT— Continued. 

Director ol Americanization $3, 000 

Supervisor of evening scliools 3, 000 

Director of investigations and surveys 3, 250 

Supervisor of attendance and employment . 3, 000 

8 attendance agents each.. 1,800 

6 school nurses do 1, 500 

Supervisor of examinations and certificates . 2, 500 

35 clerks SOO-1, 750 

Total 3 233,875 

DELAWARE. 

Commissioner of education 5, 000 

Assistaait commissioner of education 3, 600 

Director of vocational education and 

teacher trainer 4, 600 

Supervisor of vocational agriculture 3, 500 

Supervisor of vocational home economics . . 2, 500 

Supervisor o f trades and industries 4, 500 

Stenographer^ 1, 500 

Do 1,200 

Tota 1 - 26 , 400 

FLORIDA. 

State superintendent o f public instruction . 3, 600 

2 rural school inspectors each. . 2, 000 

State agent for Negro riu'al schools 3, 000 

High-school inspector 3, 000 

Chief clerk 2, 200 

Statistician 1, 800 

Certificate and Smith- Hughes clerk 1, 800 

2 stenographers each. . 1, 200 

Smembers State board of examiners. do 2,000 

State director for vocational education 3, 000 

Supervisor o f agricultural education 3, 000 

Supervisor o f trades and industries 3, 000 

Supervisor of home economics 2, 000 

Total 38,800 

GEORGIA. 

State superintendent ofschools 4,500 

3 State supervisors for rural schools, .each. . 3, 000 

Rural school agent ■* 3, 500 

Special supervisor for Negro work < 3, 500 

State school auditor .^. 3, 000 

State high school inspector ^ 3, 500 

Clerk 2,000 

Secretary 1, 800 

Vocational Education. 

Supervisor of agriculture 3, 500 

Supervisor o f trades and industries 3, 600 

Supervisor of home economics 2, 400 

Grand total 40,300 

IDAHO. 

State commissioner of education 6, 000 

State superintendent o f public instruction . 2, 400 

Business agent and auditor 2, 700 

Assistant to State superintendent 2, 000 

Chief clerk 1,500 

Certification clerk 1, 560 

Bookkeeper 1, 380 

2 stenographers 1, 320 

a An average used for supervising agents and 
* Paid by General Education Board. 



IDAHO— Continued. 
Vocational Education. 

State director of vocational education $3,200 

State supervisor of home economics and 

teacher training 2, 400 

State supervisor of agriculture and teacher 

training 2, 600 

Assistant State supervisor of trades and 

industries and teacher training 2, 550 

Assistant State supervisor of trades and 

industries (mining) 2, 600 

Stenographer 1, 320 



Grand total 34,850 

ILLINOIS. 

State superintendent of public instruction.. 7,500 

Supervisor of liigh schools 4, 800 

Do 3, 360 

3 assistant superintendents for duty as — 

Supervisor rural and elementary 

schools 3, 420 

Do 3, 420 

Head of legal department 3, 420 

Chief clerk 2, 616 

Textbook clerk 2, 400 

Statistical clerk 2, 400 

Do 2, 304 

Clerk 2, 000 

2 stenographers each. . 1, 260 

3 stenographers do: ... 1, 200 

Messenger 1, 080 

State Examining Board for County Certificates. 

Secretary 3, 420 

Stenographer 1, 200 

Board of Trustees for Illinois State Teachers' Pension 
and Retirement Fund. 

Secretary 3, 600 

2 clerks each.. 1,200 

2 stenographers do 1, 200 

Board for Vocational Education. 

Supervisor of industrial edvi cation 4 , 000 

Supervisor of agricultura 1 education 3, 800 

Supervisor of home-econom ics education ... 3, 000 
Assistantsupervisor of industrial education. 2,400 
Assistant supervisor of agricultural educa- 
tion 2, 400 

Clerk 1, 800 

2 stenographers each. . 1, 200 

Official adviser on the recognition of 

scliools of music Expenses. 

Oflicial adviser on the recognition of 
Ivindergartens Expenses. 

3 official advisers on the recognition of 
colleges and universities ; Expenses. 

3 deputy examiners for entrance into 
dental and medical colleges Fees. 

Grand total & 77,660 

INDIANA. 

State supermtendent of public instruction. $5, 000 
Assistant superintendent of public instruc- 
tion 3, 000 

Deputy superintendent of public instruc- 
tion 1 , 800 

High school inspector 2, 500 

Director of vocational education 6, 000 

clerks. '■> Exclusive of expenses and fees. 



STAFFS OF STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION. 



41 



INDIANA— Continued. 

Supervisor of teacher training $3, 000 

Clerk of inamiscript department.... 2,300 

State director of a'rici'.lture 3,700 

State director of Iionie economics 2,000 

Clerk 1, 400 

2 stenographers each. . 1, tOO 

7 stenographers do 1,200 

Total 41,900 

IOWA. 

Statesuperinteiident of public instruction. . 4,000 
Deput.v State superintendent of public 

instruction 2, 700 

Chief clerk 1,800 

Secretary to State superintendent 1,500 

Inspector of normal training high schools.. 2,400 

Inspector of consolidated schools 2,400 

Inspector of graded and high schools 2, 400 

Inspector ol rural schools 2,400 

State director of vocational education 3,000 

Supervisor of trades and industries 3, 000 

Assistant supervisor of agriculture 2, 700 

Supervisor of home economics 2, 200 

Clerk 1, 020 

Secretary, educational board of examiners. 1,800 

3 stenographers each . . 1 , 200 

Director of the teachers' placement bureau 

(hall time) 1,200 

4 clerks each. . 1, 200 

Clerk 060 

Total '. 44,420 

KANSAS. 

Stato superintendent of public instruction. 3,000 
Assistant State superintendent of public 

instruction 2, 200 

Chief clerk 1,650 

Statistical clerk 1, 200 

2 stenograpliers each . . 1 , 000 

Secretary, State board of education 2, 400 

Stenographer to secretary. State board of 

education 1, 200 

2 high-school supervisors each.. 2,000 

2 rural-school supe^^^sors do 2,000 

Vocational Education. 

State director of vocational education (one- 
half time) 2, 000 

State supervisor of vocational agiiculture. . 2, 500 

Stenographer ] , 200 

Grand total '. 27,350 

KENTUCKY. 

State superintendent of public instruction. 1,000 

State supervisor of high schools ' 3, 500 

3 State rural-school supervisors ■ each 3, 500 

State supervisor and director of vocational 

education 3, 000 

State supervisor of home economics educa- 
tion 2, 700 

Director of physical education 4, 000 

Chief clerk 2, 500. 

1 clerk 1, 500 

Do 1 , 200 

Do 1 , 000 

2 stenographers each . . 1 , 500 

3 stenographers do 1,200 

Bureau of Inspection. 

2 inspectors each . . 1 , 000 

Grand total '. 42,500 

' Receive salaries from General Education Board. 
' State department reports that it is looking also 



LOUISIANA. 

State superintendent of education ?5, 000 

State high-school inspector 4,000 

Assistant Stato high-school inspector 3, 600 

Chairman State teachers' examining com- 
mittee and State institute conductor 4,000 

State rural-school supervisor 4,000 

Assistant State rural-school supervisor 3,000 

Do 3,000 

State director of phy.sical training 3, 600 

Stats agent of rural schools for Negroes 4,500 

Assistant State agent of rural schools for 

Negroes 3, 600 

State supervisor of Jeanes teachers (Negro) . 1, 200 

State Rosenwald building agent (Negro)... 1,500 

State supervisor of agricultural schools 3,600 

State director of agricultural teacher-train- 
ing 3,600 

State supervisor of home economics 3,000 

Assistant State supervisor of home eco- 
nomics 2, 400 

Chief clerk 3,000 

Clerk 2, 400 

Do 1,800 

5 clerks each.. 1,200 

Porter 900 

Total 07, 700 

MAINE. 

Slate superintendent of public schools 4,600 

Deputj' State superintendent of public 

schools 3,250 

Agent for secondary education 2,700 

Agent for unorganized territory 2, 700 

Agent for rural education 3,200 

Do 2,700 

State director of vocational education 2,700 

State supervisor of agricultural education.. 2,100 

State supervisor of trades and industries.. 2,400 

State supervisor of home economics 1, 700 

Secretary 1, 200 

2 clerks each.. 1,000 

Clerk 936 

2 clerks each.. 900 

Clerk 800 

2 clerks 780 

Total 36,046 

MARVLAND.6 

State sirperiutendent of schools 8,000 

Assistant superintendei.t ofschools 6.000 

Supervisor of high schools 4,250 

Supervisor of high schools 4, 000 

Supervisor of rural schools 4, 250 

Supervisor of vocational education 5,000 

Supervisor of j^hysical education 5.000 

Supervisor of colored schools 4,000 

Supervisor of jnililic school music 3,000 

Executive secretary 3, 000 

Chief clerk 2,000 

Credential clerk 1,800 

Bookkeeper ] , 200 

2 stenographers each. . 1, 20O 

Stenographer 1 , OOO 

I Total 55,900 

for a specialist in measurements at $5,000 or $(i,000. 



42 



STATE DEPAETMEKTS OF EDUCATIOi?^. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 

Commissioner of education $7, 500 

2deput\- commissioners of education.eacli. . 5, 000 

Business agent 3, 120 

Director of Americanization 4,200 

Assistant in Americanization 2,200 

Agent in charge of teacher-training division. 3, 500 
Agent in charge of teacher-training courses 

for agricultural schools 3, 150 

Agent in charge of training courses for 

industrial teachers „ 3, 300 

Administrative agent 2, 340 

Agent in charge of teacher training for day 

and evening household arts schools 2, 340 

Assistant in teacher trainmg for da:' and 

evening household arts schools 1, 580 

Associate in teacher-training division 1, 980 

Agent in charge of agricultural schools 3, 750 

Supervisor of day and evening schools for 

boys and men 3,750 

Agent for high schools 3, 750 

Agen t for elementary schools 3, 450 

Agent for research and statistics 3, 300 

Agent in charge of registration of teachers. . 2, 820 
Agent in charge of day and evening schools 

lor girls and women 2, 160 

Assistant in evening practical arts schools . 1, 560 

Associate in education 1, 200 

Director of university extension 5, 000 

Agent in charge of extension classes in 

industrial subjects 3, 060 

Agent in charge of correspondence instruc- 
tion - 2,580 

Editor and supervisor of extension instruc- 
tion 3,060 

Normal instructor, extension division 1,680 

Do 1,560 

Do -.- 1,440 

4 normal instructors, extension division, 

each 1,320 

Normal instructor, extension division 1, 300 

2 normal instructors, extension division, 

each 1,280 

Normal mstructor, extension division 1,200 

Do 1,140 

Do 1,080 

Bookkeeper 1,680 

Stenographer 1, 680 

Do - 1,560 

Do 1, 380 

Do .- 1,260 

Do 1,200 

2 stenographers each. . 1, 140 

5 stenographers do 1, 080 

C stenographers do 1, 020 

4 stenographers do 960 

5 stenographers do 900 

2 stenographers do S40 

Stenographer 780 

2stenogi'aphers each.. 750 

Chief clerk 2, 160 

Clerk 1,800 

Do 1, 560 

Do ,. . . . 1, 260 

2 clerks each . . 1, 080 

Do do.... 1,020 

Do do.... 960 



M.\.SSACHUSETTS— Continued. 

Clerk S900 

9 clerks each.. 840 

7 clerks do 780 

5 clerks do.... 660 

11 clerks do. . . . 600 



Total 173, 410 

MICHICxAN. 
State superintendent of public instruction. 
Deputy superintendent of public instnic- 

tion 

2 assistant superintendents of public 

instruction each . . 

High-school inspector 

Director of physical education 

Chief clerk 

Count y normal supervisor 

2 editors each . . 

Director of vocational education for adult 

blind 

Assistant director of vocational education 

for adult blind 

Clerk for vocational education fcr adult 

bimd 

Textbook clerk 

Shipping clerk 

Chief statistician 

Statistician 

3 statisticians each . . 

Statistician 

3 stenographers each . . 

Stenographer 

Do 

2 Stenographers each . . 

Janitor 

Vocational EducaUoii. 
Acting State director of vocational educa- 
tion' '. 1,500 

Supervisor of agricultural education 5,000 

Supervisor of industrial education 5, 000 

Supervisor of home economics education ." 600 

Clerk : 1,300 



4,000 


3,000 


2,500 


2,500 


3,000 


1,500 


1,500 


1,500 


1,500 


900 


450 


1,400 


1,400 


1,500 


1,203 


1,100 


1,000 


1,300 


1,200 


1,100 


1,000 


800 



. Grand total 58,550 

MINNESOTA. - 

Commissioner of education „ 5, 000 

Deputy commissioner of education 3, 500 

Inspector of rural schools 3, 200 

Assistant inspector of rural schools 3, 000 

Do 2,250 

Inspector of high schools and director of 

vocational education 4,000 

Inspector cf elementary schools 3, 500 

Inspector of teacher-training schools 3, 500 

Assistant inspector of high and graded 

schools 3, 000 

Supervisor of agricultural education 3, 000 

Supervisoroftradeandindustrialeducation 3,000 

Supervisor of home-economics education. . 2, 800 
Inspector of buildings and director of special 

classes.. 3,500 

Director of libraries 2, 500 

Supervisor of school libraries and field 

organizer 2, 250 

Librarian 1, 590 

Reference librarian 1, 350 



' Part time only. 



STAFFS OF STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION. 



43 



MINNESOTA— Continued. 

Director of employment bureau and secre- 
tary of the teacliers' retirement fund 

ftssociation STi, 600 

Director of reeducation of injured persons. . 3, 500 

Inspector of reeducation 3, 000 

Placement officer 1, 000 

Accountant and statistician 2, 700 

Certificate clerk 1 , 500 

Secretary to commissioner 1, 500 

Secretary employment bureau 1, 500 

2 stenographers and clerks each.. l,3S0 

Stcno.crapher and clerk 1, 2G0 

4 stenographers and clerks each . . 1 , 200 

Do do ... . 1, 080 

2 St enographers and clerks do 1 , 020 

Stenographer and clerk 960 

Clerk 1, 020 

Do 900 

2 clerks each . . 900 

Clerk 780 

Total 87,210 

MISSISSIPPI. 

State superintendent of education 4, 500 

Assistant State superintendent of education 3,000 

State liigh-schoo! inspect or ^ 3, 500 

State rural-sciiool supervisor * 3,500 

State super\'isor of Negro schools * 3, 000 

2 assistant superx-isors of Negro schools 

(colored) * each. . 2, 500 

State director vocational agricultural edu- 
cation 3, 750 

Assistant director vocational agricultural 

education 2, .500 

State supervisor of home economics 2, 500 

State supervisor trade and industrial edu- 
cation 2,750 

Director of health educai ion 4, 000 

President State board of examiners s i^oOO 

2 members State board of examiners. cacli. s soo 

Secretary State board of examiners 1,200 

Clerk to rural-school agents ^ 1, 500 

Clerk to vocational directors 1 , SOO 

Clerk to high-school superxisor 1, 800 

2 clerks each.. 1,800 

2 clerks each . . 1, 200 

Total 52 , 900 

MISSOURI. 

Stale superintendent of public schools 3,000 

Chief assistant 2, SOO 

Teaclier-training inspector 2, 500 

2 high-school inspectors each . . 2, 400 

3 riu-al-school inspectors each . . 2, 400 

Statistician 2, 400 

Stenographer 1, 500 

2 stenographers each . . 1, 320 

2 clerks each. . 1, 320 

Vocational Education. 

Executive officer (State superintendent).. . 1,1,00 

Director of vocational education 4,000 

Supervisor of trades and industry 3, 000 

Supervisor of agriculture 3,000 

Supervisor of home economics 2, 500 

Stenographer 1, 320 

Grand total 44,500 

< Paid by General Education Board. 



MONTANA. 

State superintendent of public instruction. ?vi,OiKl 
Deputy State superintendent of pulilic in- 
struction 2,500 

High-school supervisor 2, 500 

2 nu-al-school supervisors each . . 2, 500 

Vocational director 2, 500 

Certification clerk 1, 500 

2 stenographers each . . 1, 200 

Total : 19,400 

NEBRASKA. 

State superintendent of public instruction. 2,000 
Deputy State superintendent of public in- 
struction 1,800 

First assistant supeiintendent (rural-scIiool 

inspector) 1, 800 

Second assistant superintendent (county 

certificates) 1, 800 

Third assistant superintendent (city cer- 
tificates) 1,800 

Inspector of normal training 2,00o 

.\ssistant inspector of normal t raining 1, 8;X) 

Secretary of normal training, bookkeejier 

and statist ician 1, 200 

Secretary 1, 200 

Stenograplior 1, 000 

Do 1, 080 

Do 960 

2 clerks of examinations eac!i.. 1,200 

Clerk of examinations (half lime) COO 

Vocational Educati'in. 

Director of vocational education 8, 001 

Supervisor of agricultural education 3,000 

Supervisor of home-economics education.. . 3,000 

Supenisor of trade and industrial education 3,000 

Grand total 33, 500 

NEVADA. 

State superintendent of public instruction. . 3,Cu0 
Office deputy and secretary of the teachers' 

retirement salary fund 2, 400 

Secretary to the superintendent 1, 500 

Vocational Department. 

State director and supervisor of agriculture. 3,000 

Supervisor of trades and mditU rie.^ 2, 750 

Supervisor of home economics 2, 500 

Grand total 15,750 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

Commissioner of education 5, 000 

2 deputy commissioners of education.. each. 4,000 

Deput y commissioner of education S, 250 

Do 3,000 

Supervisor of agriculture 2,600 

Supervisor of health 1, 750 

Aecomitant 2, 400 

Inspector of child welfare 1,900 

Inspector of child labor 1, 700 

Do 1,600 

Registrar 1, 100 

Clerk, State board of cduca t ion 1, 200 

Secretary to the commissioner 1,200 

Stenographer 1,000 

Do 900 

2steno,';raphcrs each. . 720 

Stenographer 600 

Office of information clerk 720 

Total 39,360 

8 Aijproximately: fees. 



44 



STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION. 



NEW JERSEY. 

Commissioner of education $10,000 

4 assistant commissioners of education, 

each 5,000 

Director of physical training 5, 000 

Business manager 4, 500 

Secretary, State board of examiners 4,000 

Inspector of buildings 3, 300 

Supervisor of industrial education 3, 200 

Auditor of accounts 2, 540 

Inspector of accounts 2, 460 

12 clerks total . . 19, 950 

Professor of chemistry for the training of 

home-economics teachers 1, 550 

Inspector of training of home economics 

teachers 2, 400 

Assistant supervisor of agriculture and in- 
structor for training teachers of agricul- 
ture ■ 4,000 

Instructor for training teachers of agricul- 
ture 1,400 

Assistant for training teachers in trades and 

industries '. - . . 4, 000 

Assistant for trades and industries. 3, 000 

Assistant professor for training teachers of 

home economics 2, 300 

Associate professor of physics 1, 033 

A.ssociate professor of farm mechanics 1, 350 

Instructor in clothing 2, 100 

Stenographer 840 

Do 1, 180 

Total 100, 103 

NEW MEXICO. 

State superintendent of public instruction.. 3,000 
Assistant superintendent of puljlic instruc- 
tion 2, 250 

Chief clerk 2,000 

State director of industrial education 2, 800 

Assistant clerk 1, 500 

2 stenographers each . . 1, 200 

Stenogi'apher 900 

State supervisor of trades and industries. . . 2, 500 

State supervisor of agriculture 2, 700 

4 members board of examiners each.. 700 

Total 22, 860 

NEW YORK. 

Commissioner of education •. 10, 000 

Secretary to the commissioner 2, 350 

Deputy commissioner of education and 

counsel 7, 000 

Assistant commissioner and director of pro- 
fessional education 6, 000 

Assistant commissioner for secondary edu- 
cation or director .5, 500 

Assistant commissioner f:r elementary edu- 
cation or du'ector 5, 500 

3 duectors each. . 6, 500 

2 directors do 4, 250 

Chief of division 4, 500 

Do 4,000 

2 chiefs of di\'ision each . . 3, 750 

3 cliief s of division do 3, 500 

Chief of division 3, 250 

' Auditor '. 4, 000 

4 assistants each . . 3, 500 



NEW YORK— Continued. 

.Assistant $3, 250 

Do 2, 850 

Do 2, 550 

Do 2, 250 

Do 2, 100 

Do 2,000 

Do 1 , 600 

Do 1, 500 

E ditor , 3, 250 

Cashier 2, 750 

Secretary 4, 500 

Do 4,000 

Do 3,000 

Do 2,250 

Specialist 5, 500 

Do 4, 000 

Do 3 , 500 

9 specialists each. . 3, 250 

Do do. . . . 3, 000 

6 specialists do 2, 750 

Specialist 2, 400 

2 specialists each. . 2, 200 

Do do 2, 000 

2 inspectors do 3, 000 

5 inspectors do 2, 7oO 

2 inspectors do 2, 500 

Do do.... 2,250 

3 inspectors do 2, 000 

2 inspectors do 1, 900 

3 inspectors do 1,800 

Inspector 1, 50O 

2 examiners each.. 1,900 

Examiner 1, 700 

5 examiners each. . 1, 600 

8 examiners do 1, 320 

2 examiners do 1, 200 

Do do.... 1,140 

5 teachers of physical education do 1, 700 

8 teachers of physical education do 1, 600 

5 teachers of physical education .do 1,500 

Con".dential stenographer 1, 800 

Hearing stenographer 1, 700 

2 stenographers each.. 1,600 

5 stenographers do 1, 500 

3 stenographers do 1, 400 

Do do 1,320 

2 stenographers do 1, 260 

Do do 1,200 

4 stenographers do ■ 1, 140 

5 stenographers do 1, 020 

S stenogTaphers do 900 

11 stenographers do 840 

2 clerks or stenographers do 1, 020 

5 clerks or stenographers do 900 

3 clerks or stenographers do 840 

2 clerks or stenographers do 720 

Clerk or engrosser 1, 320 

Clerk or bookkeeper 1, 020 

Clerk and secretary of museum 2, 500 

Clerk ' 2,100 

Do 2,000 

2 clerks each. . 1, 800 

aclerks do.... 1,600 

3 clerks do ... . 1, 500 

6 clerks do 1,400 

2 clerks do 1, 260 

S clerks do.... 1,200 



STAFFS OF STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION. 



45 



NEAV YORK— Continupd. 

5 clerks each. . $1 , 140 

Do do.... 1,080 

7 clerks do.... 1,020 

Clerk 960 

6 clerks each . . 900 

. I Do do.... 840 

24 clerks.. do.... 780 

13 clerks do ... . 720 

Do do 660 

4 junior clerks or page do — 660 

3 junior clerks or page do — 600 

Messenger 1 , 380 

Messenger or mailcleik 1,320 

Do 1 , 200 

Messenger or laborer 1 , 080 

2 senior librarians each. . 3, 000 

Senior librarian 2, 750 

Do 2, 500 

4 senior librarians pach.. 2,100 

Senio r librarian 2, 000 

Librarian 1 , 900 

5 11 brarians each . . 1 , 800 

4 librarians do 1, 680 

6 librarians do 1, 500 

3 librarians do. . . . 1, 320 

Do do 1,200 

Librarian 1, 020 

Library assistant 1 , 140 

Do 1,020 

2 library assistants each . . 900 

Do <^o 840 

3 library assistants do 720 

2 library assistants or clerks do 1, 140 

Do do.... 1,080 

3 library assistants or clerks do 900 

2 library assistants or clerks do 840 

Librarj' assistant or clerk 780 

3 library assistants or clerks each. . 720 

3 scientific e-xperts do 3, 000 

2 scientific experts do 2,500 

Do. do. ... 1, 900 

Scientific experts 1 , 800 

2 scientific experts each . . 1, 440 

Scientific assistant 1, 080 

scientific technician 1 , 600 

Technical assistant 1 , 2C0 

Do 1,200 

Scientific draftsman 2,000 

Custodian of museum collections 1,200 

Chief engineer or supervising engineer 3, 200 

Storekeeper 1 , 840 

Electrical engineer 2, 000 

Custodian of building or messenger 1, 600 

.\ssistant steam engineer 1,500 

4 assistant steam engineers each.. 1,320 

5 elevator men do 1,320 

2 carpenters do 1, 320 

Roofer 1,320 

Painter 1,320 

General mechanical assistant 1 , 200 

Electrician 1 , 320 

Elevator repair man 1 , 320 

8 orderlies or watchmen each. . 1,080 

2 shippers do 1, 200 

Compositor 1 , 800 

Compositor's apprentice 1,080 

2 telephone operators each.. 1,080 

8 laborers do 1, 020 

l21aborers do ... 960 

' Receive salaries irom 



NEW YORK— Continued. 

11 porters each. . $900 

4 cleaners do 660 

30 cleaners do 540 

A nurkanhalinil Bureau. 

Specialist 4, 250 

2 assistants each.. 3,500 

4 assistants do 3,000 

5 assistants do 2, 700 

Assistant 2,500 

6 assistants each . . 2, 40O 

Do do 2,003 

Sassistajils do.... 1,800 

5 teachers in Americanization work, .do 1,500 

Stenographer 1, 200 

Do 1,080 

Do 840 

Clerk 780 

Library assistant 900 

Grand total 822, 900 

4 NORTH CAROLINA. 

State superintendent of public instruction . 

State agent for rural schools i 

State agent for Negro rural schools ' 

Inspector of high schools ' 

Chief clerk 

Clerk of loan fund 

Supervisor of teacher training and secretary 
State board of examiners and institute 
conductors 

Assistant secretary State board of examin- 



4,000 
3,500 
3,500 
3,500 
2,500 
2,500 



3,500 

1,800 
3,500 

1,800 
2,000 

2,750 
3,500 
2,700 
2,000 
2,700 
1,000 
1,000 
6,340 
1,300 



ers 

Director of commimity-service bureau 

Assistant director of community-service 
buretiu 

Director of schools for adult illiterates 

6 members of board of examiners and insti- 
tute conductors (each).. 

Director of vocational education 

State super\isor of agriculture 

State supervisor of home economics 

State supervisor of trades and industries. . . 

Supervisor Jeanes teachers ' 

Assistant in schoolhouse-building campaign 

6 clerks totah . 

2 porters do 

Total 69, 140 

NORTH DAKOTA. 

State superintendent of public instruction.. 3,000 
Deputy superintendent of public instruc- 
tion 2,500 

Assistant superintendent of public instruc- 
tion 2,000 

3 rmal-school inspectors each . . 2, 200 

High-school inspector 2, 200 

Chief clerk 1, 500 

2 stenograph ers each.. 1,200 

Total 20, 200 

OHIO. 

Superintendent of public instruction 4,000 

.\ssistant superintendent of public instruc- 
tion 2,500 

Chief clerk 2,240 

Statistician 2, 400 

General Education Board. 



46 



STATE DEPAETMEISTTS OF EDI'CATIOX. 



OHIO— Continiisd. 



Examination clerk S2, 04<j 

21iigh-sclioolinspectors (fulltime) - .each. . 2,240 

61iigh-sciiooIinspeetors(halftime)..do 1,000 

Inspector of teacher training 2, 500 

Secretary 1, C3r, 

Stenograpiier 1 , 320 

3 stenographers each . . 1, 080 

Clerk 1,080 

State Board of Biucation ( Vocationil Elucafion). 

Vocational supervisor 3,000 

Assistant vocational super-i-isor 2,000 

Super^T-Sor of agriculture - - 2,800 

Supervisor of home economics 2,700 

Supervisor teacher training (half timc.^ 1,800 

Soper^dsor teacher training (half time > - . . - 2, 500 

S'jper-'.-isor teacher training 3, 800 



Grand total 52,030 



OKL.VIIOMA. 

State superintendent of public instruction. 
Assistant superintendent of public instruc- 



Secretary to the State superintendent 

Chief clerk 

Agricultural assistant 

High-school inspect or 

2 assistant high-school inspectors each. . 

Rural-school supervisor < 

Riu-al-school supervisor 

2 stenographers each. . 

Secretary to State board of education 

Stenographer. 



2,500 

2,100 
1,500 
2,000 
1^500 
2,400 
1,800 
3,500 
1,800 
1,200 
2,100 
1,200 

Total, 26,600 

OREGOX. 

State superintendent of public instruction . 3, 000 
-Assistant State superintendent of public 

instruction 2,640 

Field vt'orker in industrial fairs 2, 000 

■Secretary to the State board of education . . 1, 800 

4 stenographers each . . 1 . 260 

Vocaftonal Educatiom. 

State director of vocational education and 

supervisor of trades and industries 3, 000 

Supervisor of agriculture (half time) 1, 500 

Supervisor of home economics — traveling 

expenses 200 

Stenographer 1, 260 



Grand total 20,440 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Superintendent of public instruction 12, 000 

First deputy superintendent of public in- 
struction 7, 500 

Second deputy superintendent of public 

instruction G, 000 

Assistant to superintendent of public in- 
struction 4, 000 

Director, administration bureau 5, 000 

Assistant director, administration ])ureau- 4,000 

Director, Americanization bui"eau 5, 000 

Supervisor, -"^jnerieanization bureau 3, 200 

Do 3,C0O 

« Paid by General Education Board. 
3 Exclusive of salaries of stenographers, clerks, 
county supervisors. 



P E NNSYLVANIA— Continued . 

Director, health education 84,000 

Supervisor of physical education 3, 600 

Do 2,500 

Super%-isor of nutrition 3, 000 

Lecturer on health education 3, 000 

Director, attendance bureau 4, 600 

Assistant director, attendance bureau 3, 250 

5 inspectors, attendance bureau each. . S, 000 

Director, rural-schools bur-eau 5, 000 

Assistant director, rural-schools bureau 4, 000 

Director, biireau of medical education and 

licensure 3,t00 

Director, teacher bureau 5,000 

Assistant director, teacher bureau (voca- 
tional teacher training i 5,, O'XI 

Assistant director, teacher bureau 4, 000 

-Assistant director, teacher Vjureau (teacher 

placement) 3. 680 

Director; school inspection bureau 4, 000 

Inspector, high schools 4, OOO 

Director, school-buildings bureau 4, ooO 

2 draftsmen eich . . 3,000 

Specialist in foreign languages 5,®00 

Specialist in social science 5,fl00 

Specialist in English 5, 000 

Specialist in commercial education 4, 500 

Director, vocational education 5, 000 

.\ssistant director, industrial education 1, 000 

2 supervisors, industrial education. . .each . . 3, 500 

Supervisor of junior projects 4, 000 

.IssLstant director, agricultural education . . 4, 000 
2 supervisors of agricultural education 

each 3,500 

Assistant director, home economics 3, 500 

2 supervisors of home economics e.ac:i . . 2, 500 

Supervisor of continuation schools 5, 000 

12 county supervisors, male (agricul- 
ture) ' 2,«)O-3,,0OO 

3 county supervisors, female (home eco- 
nomies) 1, 800-2, 00i3 

Supervisor of art instruction 6,00*) 

Supervisor of music 3,000 

Secretary of pension bureau (teachers' re- 
tirement fund) 4, 200 

Secretary to superintendent 3, OM 

Bookkeeper 1 . 400 

Lil>rarian 1, -Wl 

Stenographers 900-1.800 

Clerks. 900-3, 000 

Messengers 909-1, 430 

9 254,350 
RHODE ISL.\ND. 

Commissioner of education 6. 00<3 

Assistant commissioner 3,000 

Secretary and deputy 3, 000 

Supervisor of trade and industrial educa- 
tion 3,00i:» 

Supervisor of agricultviral education 2, 500 

Supervisor of home-economics education. . . 2, 50<1 

Supervisor of Americanization 1, SOil 

Library visitor 1, 300 

Chief cierk 1,340 

4 clerks each.. 1,000 

Total 23,4-10 

and messengers; and with an average for the 



STAFFS OF STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION. 



47 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 

State superiuLendent of education $2,M) 

High-school inspectors * 3, 500 

Supervisor of rural schools * 3,500 

Supervisor of rural schools 2, 400 

Supervisor of mill schools 2, 400 

Supervisor of colored schools •• :i, 500 

Supervisor of adult schoob and night 

schools 2,100 

School community organizer 1,900 

Chief clerk 2,400 

Bookkeeper 1, 200 

4 stenographers each . . 1 , 200 

2 members State board of examiners for 

teachers each. . :5..0i.l0 

College Professors Lent to ^V St-Jle Superintendent's 
Office. 

Supervisor of agricultural instruction :^, 500 

Supervisor of trades and industries 3, 500 

Itinerant teacher trainer in trades and in- 
dustries 2, SOO 

School architect 3, 500 

Supervisor of home economics 2, 400 

Independent Unit in Cooperation Kith the State 

Superintendent's Office. 

Registrar of teachers' employment bureau . 1, 800 

Stenographer 900 

Grand totaL 54,000 

SOUTH DAKOTA. 

State superintendent of public instruction. . '^ 2, 400 
Deputy superintendent of public instruc- 
tion 2, 520 

Assistant superintendent of public instruc- 
tion 2, 400 

Chairman of board of examiners 2,100 

High-school supervisor, director of voca- 
tional education 3, 300 

Rural-school sTipervisor 2, 400 

Director of Americanization 2, 400 

Assistant director of Americanization 1, SOO 

Supervisor of home economics 2, 300 

Supervisor of agricultural education (part 

time) 666 

Assistant in truancy 1, 800 

Chief clerk 1,620 

Clerk 1,500 

4 ."Stenographers, from 1, 080-1, 500 

Total H 32, 426 

TENNESSEK. 



TENNESSEE— Continued. 

Clerk of board a,800 

2 members of State grading commission. 

each 2, 000 

Member of State grading commission 1, SOO 

4 stenographers each. . 1, 200 

Total 30, 100 

TEXAS. 

State superintendent of public instruction . 4, 000 

First assistant State superintendent 2, 703 

2 assistant State suiKjrintendents each . . 2, 250 

Chief supervisor of high schools 2, 603 

3 supervisors of high schools each. . 2,203 

4 supervisors of high schools do 2,003 

Auditor 1, 833 

Assistant auditor 1,353 

Statistician 1, 500 

Certificat ion clerk 1, 650 

Correpsondeuce and mailing clerk 1, 503 

Assistant correspondence and mailing clerk. 1, 330 

Porter 633 

Do 243 

Supervisor of vocational agri-ulture 3, 703 

Assistant in vocational agriculture 3, 153 

Do 2,759 

5 uperviscr of teacher training 3, 533 

Assistant in teacher training 3, 159 

Supervisor of homo eronomics 3, 533 

Assistant in home economi?s 3, 153 

Chief su perv isor of rura 1 s^-hools 3, 303 

9 supervisors of rural schools carh . . 2, 233 

Secretary, rural-school division 2, 403 

ilanager of textbook division 2, 633 

Auditor, textbook division 2, 403 

Bookkeeper, textbook di\i.;ion 1,803 

2 adding-machine operators each. . 1,503 

2 requisition clerks do 1,-503 

3 stenographers do 1, 603 

2 stenographers ■. do 1,503 

Stenographer 1,350 

Do 1,250 

3 stenographer.- '^a -h.. 1,203 



State superintendent of public instruction . 3, 600 

Chief clerk 2, 000 

High-school inspector 3, 600 

Elementarj'-school agent 3, 000 

Rural-school supervisor 3, 000 

Bookkeeper, State schools 2, 500 

Trade and industrial supervisor 3, 000 

Agricultural supervisor 3, 000 

< Salaries paid by General Education Board. 

1" Of this amoimt 8600 is appropriated annually '-for living expenses. 

II Four stenographers estimated at 81,290 each. 



Total 113,590 

UTAH. 

State .'juperintcnlent of public inslructicn . 4, 003 
Assistant State superintendent of public 

instruction 3^ 300 

State high-.school inspector (five-,sixths 

time) 2,500 

State library secretary and orgnaizer (7 

months) 1,800 

State director of health education (three- 
fourths time) 3, 003 

State director of Americanization 2, 500 

State director of vocational education 3, 300 

State .supervisor in agriculture 2, 750 

State supervisor in home economics 2, 750 

State supervisor of trades ani industries. . . 2, 5WJ 



48 



020 975 572 5 



STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION. 



UTAH— Continuerl. 

Advisory architect to State school-buildings 

commission per day. . S8 

Clerk - 1,3S0 

Sclerks each . . 1, 200 

Total 12 33, 380 

VERMONT. 

Commissioner of education 6, 000 

Executive clerk 2, 100 

Supervisor of junior high schools 3, 500 

Supervisor of elementary schools 2, 600 

State high-school supply teacher 1, 600 

State helping teacher 1, 600 

Secretary teachers' registration bureau 1, 400 

Certification clerk 1, 200 

Stenographer 900 

Clerk 720 

Total 21,260 

VIRGINIA. 

State superintendent of public instruction. . 4, 500 

Secretary of the State board of education ... 3, 850 

Auditor. 3, 750 

Assistant auditor 2, 500 

Supervisor for teacher training 3, 250 

Director for teachers' bureau 1, 800 

Supervisor for high schools 3, 500 

Supervisor for high schools * 3, 500 

Supervisor for agricultural schools 3, 500 

Supervisor for trade and industrial schools 3, 500 

Supervisor for physical education 3, 500 

Supervisor for home-economics schools 2, 100 

Supervisor for rural schools, white ^ 3, 500 

Supervisor for rural schools, Negro ^ 3, 500 

8 stenographers and clerks total . . 50, 540 

Total 56, 790 

WASHINGTON. 

Superintendent of public instruction 

Assistant superintendent of public instruc- 
tion 

Deputy superintendent of public instruc- 
tion 

High-school inspector 

Certification chief 

Assistant in rural education 

Executive secretary 

Secretary of rural-life commission 

Field assistant 

Legal secretary 

Secretary of State board of examiners 

i stenographers each . . 

Mailclerk 

5 stenographers each . . 

Director of vocational education 

Supervisor of agricultural education 

Supervisor of home-economics education. . . 

Supervisor of trade and industrial educa- 
tion 



3,000 

2,700 

3,000 
2,640 
2,100 
2,100 
2,100 
1,800 
1,800 
1,800 
1,350 
1,350 
1,320 
1,200 
4,500 
2,600 
2,700 

3,600 



Total. 



V/EST VIRGINIA. 

State superintendent of free schools 

Chief clerk 

Supervisor of high schools ^ 

Assistant supervisor of high schools (part 

time) 

Supervisor of rural schools ■* 

Supervisor of examinations 

Secretary of State board of education 

Statistica 1 clerk 

2 stenographers total. . 

3 clerks do 

Supervisor of colored Schools 



$5,000 
2,400 
3,600 

1,800 
3,600 
2,040 
2,700 
1,320 
2,700 
3,700 
2,400 



Total 31, 260 

WISCONSIN. 

State superintendent of public instruction.. 5,000 
Assistant State superintendent of public 

instruction 4, 500 

Second assistant State superintendent of 

public instruction 3, 200 

Supervisor of high schools 4, 250 

Do 4,000 

Supervisor of high schools and special 

suprvisor of agi'iculture 4, 000 

Supervisor of manual training 4, 000 

Supervisor of educational measurements. . . 3, 500 

Do 2, 500 

Supervisor of day schools for the deaf and 

blind 3, 500 

3 supervisors of State graded schools, .each. 3, 250 

2 supervisors of rural schools do 3,250 

2 supervisors of city grades do 2,700 

Supervisor of city grades and supervising 

teachers 2, 700 

Clinical psychologist and supervisor of 

exceptional classes 2, 700 

Supervisor of school libraries 2, 600 

Supervisor of domestic science 3, 000 

Diploma and certificate clerk 1,440 

Assistant librarian 1, 500 

Statistician 1, 400 

2 stenographers each. . 1, 200 

Do... do 1,080 

Do do 1, 020 

Clerk 840 



44,210 Total 

< Paid by General Education Board. 

'^ Exclusive of fees of advisory architect at 



Total 82, 880 

WYOMING. 

State superintendent of public instruction. 3, 000 
Deputy State superintendent of public 

instruction 2,100 

Commissioner of education 3, 000 

Director of vocational eduction 3, 000 

Director of agricultural education. 2, 600 

Director of home economics 1, 980 

Supervisor of special classes 2, 400 

Stenographer 1, 620 

Do 1,500 

Do 1,200 

• 22, 400 



; per d.\y. 



o 



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